Volume 23, Issue 1 (3-2020)
jha 2020, 23(1): 58-73 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Abhari B, Aleemran R, Aghajani H. The Effect of Sanctions on Iran's Health System Using Provincial Data and Spatial Panel Methods from 2009 to 2016. jha 2020; 23 (1) :58-73
URL: http://jha.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3254-en.html
URL: http://jha.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3254-en.html
1- Faculty of Humanities, Miyaneh Branch Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh, Iran
2- Faculty of Management, Economics and Accounting, Tabriz Branch Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran ,Aleemran@iaut.ac.ir
3- Faculty of Economics and Management, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
2- Faculty of Management, Economics and Accounting, Tabriz Branch Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran ,
3- Faculty of Economics and Management, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
Abstract: (3073 Views)
Abstract:
Introduction: Investigating the impact of sanctions on the health of ordinary people of sanctioned countries has sparked challenging issues. According to the theoretical foundations, health is affected by the economic, social, environmental, and therapeutic variables. The present study investigated the effect of sanctions on the health of people in all provinces of Iran.
Methods: This descriptive, analytical and longitudinal study was conducted for the period of 2009 to 2016. The study population includes all provinces Iran and the used variables include control, economic, social, therapeutic and environmental variables such as provincial gross domestic product, education status, urbanization, therapeutic inputs and dummy variable of sanction. Data analysis was run through spatial panel model using Stata software.
Results: Comparing the applied interruptions in the model showed that the negative effect of sanctions occurred in the second year. Investigations showed that the mortality elasticity into the treatment variable of a number of doctors was four percent. The government's development budget had a negative impact on health after two years. The coefficient of the unemployment variable was +0.0235. The estimate for urbanization rate was not significant.
Conclusion: The impact of sanctions on the public health was not significant in the first year as well as the following year and its effect in the second year was negative and positive in the third year. Therefore, according to the results of the current study, in order to reduce the costs of sanctions, it is necessary to consider the appropriate planning to improve the socio-economic conditions, such as the unemployment rate. Also, development projects and health policies should be done with caution, because its improper implementation has a negative impact on health.
Introduction: Investigating the impact of sanctions on the health of ordinary people of sanctioned countries has sparked challenging issues. According to the theoretical foundations, health is affected by the economic, social, environmental, and therapeutic variables. The present study investigated the effect of sanctions on the health of people in all provinces of Iran.
Methods: This descriptive, analytical and longitudinal study was conducted for the period of 2009 to 2016. The study population includes all provinces Iran and the used variables include control, economic, social, therapeutic and environmental variables such as provincial gross domestic product, education status, urbanization, therapeutic inputs and dummy variable of sanction. Data analysis was run through spatial panel model using Stata software.
Results: Comparing the applied interruptions in the model showed that the negative effect of sanctions occurred in the second year. Investigations showed that the mortality elasticity into the treatment variable of a number of doctors was four percent. The government's development budget had a negative impact on health after two years. The coefficient of the unemployment variable was +0.0235. The estimate for urbanization rate was not significant.
Conclusion: The impact of sanctions on the public health was not significant in the first year as well as the following year and its effect in the second year was negative and positive in the third year. Therefore, according to the results of the current study, in order to reduce the costs of sanctions, it is necessary to consider the appropriate planning to improve the socio-economic conditions, such as the unemployment rate. Also, development projects and health policies should be done with caution, because its improper implementation has a negative impact on health.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Health Economics
Received: 2019/12/21 | Accepted: 2020/03/29 | Published: 2020/03/29
Received: 2019/12/21 | Accepted: 2020/03/29 | Published: 2020/03/29
References
1. Davis L, Engerman S. History lessons: sanctions-neither war nor peace. J Econ Perspect. 2003;17(2):187-197. [DOI:10.1257/089533003765888502]
2. Zahrani M. Economic sanction from theory to act. Foreign policy magazine. 1997; 41(1):17-28.[In Persian]
3. Ajili H, MobiniKeshe Z. Oil sanction of Iran(emphasis on oil sanction of EU in 2012). Journal of Policy and International Research. 2013;15(5):99-129.[In Persian]
4. Ghadamgahi Z. The effect of economic sanctions on health sector: the case study Iran and developing countries that depended on natural resources export [dissertation] Tehran Iran: univ. TarbiatModares; 2017.[In Persian]
5. Setayesh S, Mackey TK. Addressing the impact of economic sanctions on Iranian drug shortages in the joint comprehensive plan of action: promoting access to medicines and health diplomacy.Global Health. 2016;12:31. [DOI:10.1186/s12992-016-0168-6]
6. Dizaji SF, Farzanegan MR, Naghavi A. Political institutions and government spending behavior: theory and evidence from Iran. International Tax and Public Finance. 2016;23(3):552-549. [DOI:10.1007/s10797-015-9378-8]
7. Aloosh M, Aloosh A. Iran: Lift sanctions now to save public health. Nature. 2015;520(7549):623. [DOI:10.1038/520623c]
8. Allen S.H, Lektzian D.J.Economic Sanctions: A blunt instrument? Journal of Peace Research. 2013, 50(1): 121-135 [DOI:10.1177/0022343312456224]
9. Butler D. Iran hit by drug shortage. Nature. 2013;504(7478):15-6. [DOI:10.1038/504015a]
10. Nakanishi H. The construction of the sanctions regime against Iran: political dimensions of unilateralism. In: Economic sanctions under International Law. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press; 2015; p.23-41. [DOI:10.1007/978-94-6265-051-0_2]
11. Aloosh M. North America: US sanctions alarm physicians from Iran. Nature. 2015;522(7557):419. [DOI:10.1038/522419e]
12. Gordon CJ. Crippling Iran: The UN Security Council and the Tactic of Deliberate Ambiguity. Geo J Int'l L. 2013; 44(3): 973-1006.
13. Kokabisaghi F. Assessment of the Effects of Economic Sanctions on Iranians Right to Health by Using Human Rights Impact Assessment Tool: A Systematic Review. IJHPM. 2018; 7(5): 374-393. [DOI:10.15171/ijhpm.2017.147]
14. Farzanegan MR, Hayo B. Sanctions and the shadow economy: Empirical evidence from Iranian provinces. Applied Economics Letters. 2019;26(6):501-505. [DOI:10.1080/13504851.2018.1486981]
15. Cheraghali A. Impacts of International Sanctions on Iranian Pharmaceutical Market. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.2013; 21(1). [DOI:10.1186/2008-2231-21-64]
16. Peksen D. Economic Sanctions and Human Security: The public Health Effect of Economic Sanctions. Foreign Policy Analysis. 2010;7(3):237-251 [DOI:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2011.00136.x]
17. SefidDashti SI. The effects of economic sanctions on health and medical sectors emphasis on Iran. In: Tarood Shomal research institution, editor. Second international conference about economy under sanction situations; 22 september; Babolsar; Tarood Shomal research institution; 2014.[In Persian]
18. Halicioglu F. Modelling life expectancy in Turkey. Economic Modeling. 2011; 26(6):501-505.
19. Kivimaki M, Batty GD, Pentti J, Shipley MJ, Sipila PN, Nyberg ST, Suominen SB, And et al. Association between socioeconomic status and the development of mental and physical health conditions in adulthood: a multi-cohort study Lancet public Health. 2020; 5(3): e140-49. [DOI:10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30248-8]
20. Kunst AE, Bos V, Lahelma E, Bartley M, Lissau I, Regidor E, et al. Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in self-assessed health in 10 European countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34(2):295-305. [DOI:10.1093/ije/dyh342]
21. Willkinson RG. The epidemiological transition: from material scarcity to social disadvantage? Daedalus. 1994; 123(4):61-78.
22. Marmot MG, Mustard J.F. Coronary Heart Disease from a Population Perspective. In: Barer M, editor. Why are Some People Healthy and Others Not?. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. 1994; 124-150.
23. Hertzman C, Frank J, Evans R.G. Heterogeneities in Health Status and the Determinants of Population Health. In: Barer M, editor. Why are Some People Healthy and Others Not?. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. 1994;1-28.
24. Grossman M. on the Concept of Health Capital and Demand for Health. Journal of Political Economy.1972; 80(2): 223-255. [DOI:10.1086/259880]
25. Lesage JP. The Theory and Practice of Spatial Econometrics. Spain. University of Toledo. 1999.
26. Elhorst JP. Spatial Econometrics from Cross-Sectional Data to Spatial Panels, Springer. London. 2014. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-40340-8]
27. Anselin L. Under the hood issues in the specification and interpretation of spatial regression models. Agricultural Economics. 2002; 27(3):247-267. [DOI:10.1111/j.1574-0862.2002.tb00120.x]
28. Belotti F, Hughes G, Mortari AP. Spatial panel data models using Stata. The Stata Journal. 2017; 17(1):139-180. [DOI:10.1177/1536867X1701700109]
29. Guliyev H. Determining the spatial effects of COVID-19 using the spatial panel data model. Spatial statistic. 2020; 38:1-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.spasta.2020.100443]
30. Songchitruksa P, Zeng X. Getis-Ord Spatial Statistics to Identify Hot Spots by Using Incident Management Data. Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2010; 2165:42-51. [DOI:10.3141/2165-05]
31. Wackerly D, Mendenhall W. Scheaffer, RL. Mathematical Statistics with Applications. 7 th ed. USA: Thomson. 2008.
32. Abrishami H, Mehrara M. Applied econometrics (new approaches).Tehran Iran. University of Tehran press; 2009. [In Persian]
33. Gunasekara FI, Carter K, McKenzie S. Income-related health inequalities in working age men and women in Australia and New Zealand. Health Economics. 2013;37(3):211-217. [DOI:10.1111/1753-6405.12061]
34. Dastra JA, Kunst AE, Borrell C, Breeze E, Cambois E, Costa G, et al. Socioeconomic differences in the prevalence of common chronic diseases: an overview of eight European countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2005; 34(2): 316-326. [DOI:10.1093/ije/dyh386]
35. Stringhini S, Carmeli C, Jokela M, Avendaño M, McCrory C, Errico A, et al. Socioeconomic status, non-communicable disease risk factors, and walking speed in older adults: multi-cohort population based study. BMJ Clinical Research. 2018; 360: k1046. [DOI:10.1136/bmj.k1046]
36. Singh-Manoux A, Fayosse A, Sabia S, Tabak A, Shipley M, Dugravot A, et al. Clinical, socioeconomic, and behavioural factors at age 50 years and risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and mortality: a cohort study. PLoS Med. 2018; 15(5): e1002571. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002571]
37. Mackenbach JP, Stirbu I, Roskam AJ, Schaap MM, Menvielle G, Leinsalu M. et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2468-2481. [DOI:10.1056/NEJMsa0707519]
38. WHO. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Geneva. 2008.
39. UN. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New York, NY: United Nations; 2015.
40. Van DE, Koolman X. Explaining the differences in income-related health inequalities across European countries. Health Econ. 2004;13(17):609-628. [DOI:10.1002/hec.918]
41. Martikainen P, Lahelma E, Marmot M, Sekine M, Nishi N, Kagamimori S. A comparison of socioeconomic differences in physical functioning and perceived health among male and female employees in Britain, Finland and Japan. Soc Sci Med. 2004;59(6):1287-95. [DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.01.005]
42. Kawachi I, Adler NE, Dow WH. Money, schooling, and health: Mechanisms and causal evidence. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1186(1):56-68. [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05340.x]
43. Benzeval M, Judge K. Income and health: the time dimension. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52(9):1371-90 [DOI:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00244-6]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Site Keywords
Health, Administration, Scientific Article, Iran University of Medical Sciences,
