1. Mittelberger J. The case for hospital palliative care [Internet]. New York: Center to advance palliative care; 2018 [cited 2020 Jun 15]. Available from: https://www.capc.org/the-case-for-palliative-care/.
2. World Health Organization. Planning and implementing palliative care services: A guide for programme managers. Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2016.
3. Niaraees Zavare AS, Akbari F, Rezaei F. The need for palliative care during COVID-19 pandemic in Iran; a letter to editor. Health Scope. 2020;9(3): e103727. [
DOI:10.5812/jhealthscope.103727]
4. Aghabarari M, Dehghan Nayeri N. Futile care: Challenges of applying futility concept in caring domain. Hayat. 2015;21(1):1-5. [In Persian]
5. Heydari H. Home-based palliative care: A strategy for keeping intensive care unit beds vacant. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2016;4(2):186-7.
6. Amiresmaeili MR, Imani E, Jahad Sarvestani A. Evaluation of terminal life cost for patients admitted in teaching hospitals affiliated with Kerman university of medical sciences in 2014. Health_Based Research. 2015;1(2):133-43. [In Persian]
7. Ruck JM, Canner JK, Smith TJ, Johnston FM. Use of inpatient palliative care by type of malignancy. J Palliat Med. 2018Sep;21(9):1300-7. [
DOI:10.1089/jpm.2018.0003]
8. Bruera E, Yennurajalingam S. Palliative care in advanced cancer patients: How and when? Oncologist. 2012;17(2):267-73. [
DOI:10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0219]
9. Isenberg SR, Lu C, McQuade J, Razzak R, Weir BW, Gill N, et al. Economic evaluation of a hospital-based palliative care program. J Oncol Pract. 2017 May;13(5):e408-20. [
DOI:10.1200/JOP.2016.018036]
10. Penrod JD, Deb P, Dellenbaugh C, Burgess Jr JF, Zhu CW, Christiansen CL, et al. Hospital-based palliative care consultation: Effects on hospital cost. J Palliat Med. 2010 Aug;13(8):973-9. [
DOI:10.1089/jpm.2010.0038]
11. Roczen ML. Provision of hospital-based palliative care and the impact on organizational and patient outcomes [dissertation]. Virginia: Virginia Commonwealth University; 2016.
12. Penrod JD, Deb P, Luhrs C, Dellenbaugh C, Zhu CW, Hochman T, et al. Cost and utilization outcomes of patients receiving hospital-based palliative care consultation. J Palliat Med. 2006;9(4):855-60. [
DOI:10.1089/jpm.2006.9.855]
13. Ddungu H. Palliative care: What approaches are suitable in developing countries? Br J Haematol. 2011;154(6):728-35. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2011.08764.x]
14. Connor SR, Sepulveda Bermedo MC. Global atlas of palliative care at the end of life. London: World Palliative Care Alliance; 2014.
15. Lynch T, Connor S, Clark D. Mapping levels of palliative care development: A global update. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2013 Jun;45(6):1094-106. [
DOI:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.05.011]
16. Merriman A. Hospice Uganda: 1993-1998. J Palliat Care. 1999;15(1):50-2. [
DOI:10.1177/082585979901500108]
17. Medical Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia. Palliative care services: Operational policy. Kuala Lumpur: Medical Development Division; 2010.
18. Center to Advance Palliative Care. Palliative care services: Solutions for better patient care and today's health care delivery challenges. Chicago: health research & educational trust; 2012.
19. Radbruch L, Payne S. White paper on standards and norms for hospice and palliative care in Europe: Part 1. Eur J Palliat Care. 2009;16(6):278-89.
20. Rouhollahi MR, Vandrajabpour M, Balibeyglou M, Esfandiari A, Salari H, Hamouzadeh P. The structure and processes of supportive and palliative care system. In: Ghanbari Motlagh A, Tahmasbi M, editors. Theoretical and comparative studies in the system of supportive and palliative care Cancer. Iran: National Cancer Research Network; 2013. p. 23-79. [In persian]
21. Pantilat SZ, Rabow MW, Kerr KM, Markowitz AJ. Palliative care in California: Fundamentals of hospital-based programs. California: California healthcare foundation; 2007.
22. Grudzen CR, Richardson LD, Morrison M, Cho E, Morrison RS. Palliative care needs of seriously ill, older adults presenting to the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 Nov;17(11):1253-7. [
DOI:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00907.x]
23. Grudzen CR, Stone SC, Morrison RS. The palliative care model for emergency department patients with advanced illness. J Palliat Med. 2011 Aug;14(8):945-50. [
DOI:10.1089/jpm.2011.0011]
24. Mercadante S, Gregoretti C, Cortegiani A. Palliative care in intensive care units: Why, where, what, who, when, how. BMC Anesthesiol. 2018 Aug;18(1):106. [
DOI:10.1186/s12871-018-0574-9]
25. Rabow M, Kvale E, Barbour L, Cassel JB, Cohen S, Jackson V, et al. Moving upstream: A review of the evidence of the impact of outpatient palliative care. J Palliat Med. 2013;16(12):1540-9. [
DOI:10.1089/jpm.2013.0153]
26. Wiencek C, Coyne P. Palliative care delivery models. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2014 Nov;30(4):227-33. [
DOI:10.1016/j.soncn.2014.08.004]
27. Smith TJ, Coyne PJ, Cassel JB. Practical guidelines for developing new palliative care services: Resource management. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(Suppl.3):70-5. [
DOI:10.1093/annonc/mds092]
28. Mandapal T. Guidelines for developing palliative care services- recommendations of an expert group meeting [Internet]. Hyderabad: MNJ Institute of Oncology and RCC; 2008 Jun 17-18 [cited 2021 May 10]. Available from: https://medbox.org/pdf/5e148832db60a2044c2d500c
29. Pantilat SZ, Rabow MW, Kerr KM, Markowitz AJ. Palliative care in california: An overview of hospital-based programs. California: California healthcare foundation; 2007.
30. Strohscheer I, Verebes J, Samonigg H. Implementation of a palliative care team in an Austrian university hospital. Support Care Cancer. 2006 Aug;14(8):795-801. [
DOI:10.1007/s00520-006-0017-x]
31. Barkley JE, McCall A, Maslow AL, Skudlarska BA, Chen X. Timing of palliative care consultation and the impact on thirty-day readmissions and inpatient mortality. J Palliat Med. 2019 Apr;22(4):393-9. [
DOI:10.1089/jpm.2018.0399]
32. Department of Health and Children. Design guidelines for specialist palliative care settings. Dublin: Department of Health; 2005 Mar. 55 p.
33. May P, Garrido MM, Del Fabbro E, Noreika D, Normand C, Skoro N, et al. Does modality matter? palliative care unit associated with more cost-avoidance than consultations. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018 Mar;55(3):766-774. [
DOI:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.08.011]
34. Fischberg D, Meier DE. Palliative care in hospitals. Clin Geriatr Med. 2004 Nov;20(4):735-51. [
DOI:10.1016/j.cger.2004.07.006]
35. Edens PS, Harvey CD, Gilden KM. Developing and financing a palliative care program. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2008 Oct;25(5):379-84. [
DOI:10.1177/1049909108319269]
36. Hofmeister M, Memedovich A, Dowsett LE, Sevick L, McCarron T, Spackman E, et al. Palliative care in the home: A scoping review of study quality, primary outcomes, and thematic component analysis. BMC Palliat Care. 2018; 17 (1):1-7. [
DOI:10.1186/s12904-018-0299-z]
37. Grudzen CR, Richardson LD, Major-Monfried H, Kandarian B, Ortiz JM, Morrison RS. Hospital administrators' views on barriers and opportunities to delivering palliative care in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2013 Jun;61(6):654-60. [
DOI:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.06.008]
38. Wang L, Piet L, Kenworthy CM, Dy SM. Association between palliative case management and utilization of inpatient, intensive care unit, emergency department, and hospice in Medicaid beneficiaries. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2015 Mar;32(2):216-20. [
DOI:10.1177/1049909113520067]
39. Grudzen CR, Richardson LD, Hopper SS, Ortiz JM, Whang C, Morrison RS. Does palliative care have a future in the emergency department? Discussions with attending emergency physicians. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012 Jan;43(1):1-9. [
DOI:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.03.022]
40. Basol N. The integration of palliative care into the emergency department. Turk J Emerg Med. 2015 Jun; 15(2): 100-107. [
DOI:10.5505/1304.7361.2015.65983]
41. Hughes MT, Smith TJ. The growth of palliative care in the united states. Annu Rev Public Health. 2014;35:459-75. [
DOI:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182406]
42. Goldsborough JL. Palliative care integration in the intensive care unit [dissertation]. Washington: Walden University; 2018.
43. Aslakson R, Cheng J, Vollenweider D, Galusca D, Smith TJ, Pronovost PJ. Evidence-based palliative care in the intensive care unit: A systematic review of interventions. J Palliat Med. 2014 Feb;17(2):219-35. [
DOI:10.1089/jpm.2013.0409]
44. Braus N, Campbell TC, Kwekkeboom KL, Ferguson S, Harvey C, Krupp AE, et al. Prospective study of a proactive palliative care rounding intervention in a medical ICU. Intensive Care Med. 2016 Jan;42(1):54-62. [
DOI:10.1007/s00134-015-4098-1]
45. Baker M, Luce J, Bosslet GT. Integration of palliative care services in the intensive care unit: A roadmap for overcoming barriers. Clin Chest Med. 2015 Sep;36(3):441-8. [
DOI:10.1016/j.ccm.2015.05.010]
46. El-Jawahri A, Greer JA, Temel JS. Does palliative care improve outcomes for patients with incurable illness? A review of the evidence. J Support Oncol. 2011.;9(3):87-94. [
DOI:10.1016/j.suponc.2011.03.003]
47. Gómez-Batiste X, Connor S. Building integrated palliative care programs and services. Catalonia: Eumo Editorial SAU; 2017.
48. Bergenholtz H, Jarlbaek L, Hølge-Hazelton B. Generalist palliative care in hospital-Cultural and organisational interactions. Results of a mixed-methods study. Palliat Med. 2016;30(6): 558-66. [
DOI:10.1177/0269216315619861]
49. Cassel JB, Albrecht TA. Emerging models of providing oncology palliative care. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2018 Aug;34(3):202-14. [
DOI:10.1016/j.soncn.2018.06.002]
50. Fine RL. The imperative for hospital-based palliative care: Patient, institutional, and societal benefits. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2004 Jul;17(3):259-64. [
DOI:10.1080/08998280.2004.11927978]
51. Stephens S. Hospital-based palliative care: Cost-effective care for patients with advanced disease. J Nurs Adm. 2008 Mar;38(3):143-5. [
DOI:10.1097/01.NNA.0000310724.20419.12]
52. Zhang H, Barysauskas C, Rickerson E, Catalano P, Jacobson J, Dalby C, et al. The intensive palliative care unit: Changing outcomes for hospitalized cancer patients in an academic medical center. J Palliat Med. 2017 Mar;20(3):285-9. [
DOI:10.1089/jpm.2016.0225]
53. Kahveci K. Palliative care and intensive care integration. Medicine Science. 2017;6(3): 603-9. [
DOI:10.5455/medscience.2017.06.8630]
54. Le BH, Watt JN. Care of the dying in Australia's busiest hospital: Benefits of palliative care consultation and methods to enhance access. J Palliat Med. 2010 Jul;13(7):855-60. [
DOI:10.1089/jpm.2009.0339]
55. Paterson F, Buchanan D, MacIvor F, Baker L, Levack P. Short-stay, specialist beds in a UK teaching hospital as a model to integrate palliative care into the acute hospital culture. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2012;42(1):8-14. [
DOI:10.4997/JRCPE.2012.103]
56. Gillick MR, Sabin JE. No place like the hospital. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2011 Oct;42(4):643-8. [
DOI:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.07.001]
57. Kato K, Fukuda H. Comparative economic evaluation of home-based and hospital-based palliative care for terminal cancer patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2017 Nov;17(11):2247-54. [
DOI:10.1111/ggi.12977]
58. Mardanihamooleh M, Borimnejad L, Seyedfatemi N, Tahmasebi M. Palliative care of pain in cancer: Content analysis. Journal of Anesthesiology and Pain. 2013;4(3):55-63. [In Persian]
59. Mardanihamooleh M, Borimnejad L, Seyedfatemi N, Tahmasebi M. Interpretation of palliative care concept, its barriers and facilitators using meta-synthesis. Modern Care Journal. 2014;11(4):316-29. [In Persian]
60. Negarandeh R, Mardani Hamooleh M, Rezaee N. Concept analysis of palliative care in nursing: Introducing a hybrid model. J Maz Univ Med Sci. 2015;25(130):40-51. [In Persian]
61. Farahani AS, Rassouli M, Mojen LK, Ansari M, Ebadinejad Z, Tabatabaee A, et al. The feasibility of home palliative care for cancer patients: The perspective of Iranian nurses. Int J Cancer Manag. 2018; 11(8):e80114.
62. Irajpour A, Alavi M, Izadikhah A. Situation analysis and designing an interprofessional curriculum for palliative care of the cancer oatients. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2015;14(12):1047-56. [In Persian]
63. Rassouli M, Sajjadi M. Palliative care in Iran: Moving toward the development of palliative care for cancer. Am J Hosp Palliat Med. 2016 Apr;33(3):240-4. [
DOI:10.1177/1049909114561856]
64. Rouhollahi MR, Saghafinia M, Zandehdel K, Motlagh AG, Kazemian A, Mohagheghi MA, et al. Assessment of a hospital palliative care unit (HPCU) for cancer patients; A conceptual framework. Indian J Palliat Care. 2015 Sep;21(3):317-27. [
DOI:10.4103/0973-1075.164901]
65. Ansari M, Rassouli M, Akbari ME, Abbaszadeh A, Akbarisari A, Haghighat S. Process challenges in palliative care for cancer patients: A qualitative study. Middle East Journal of Cancer. 2019;10(1):43-53.
66. Ansari M, Rassouli M, Akbari ME, Abbaszadeh A, Akbari Sari A. Educational needs on palliative care for cancer patients in Iran: A SWOT analysis. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2018;6(2):111-24.
67. Khanali Mojen L. Palliative care in Iran: The past, the present and the future. Supportive & Palliative Care in Cancer. 2017 Sep;1(1): 7-10.
68. Rassouli M, Shirinabadi Farahani A, Khanali Mojen L. Palliative care perspectives and practices in the Islamic Republic of Iran and their implications for quality of life in patients. In: Silbermann M, editor. Palliative care perspectives, practices and impact on quality of life, a global view. New York: Nova Science Publishers; 2017. p. 393-422.