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Objective: To determine the efficiency of general teaching hospitals affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in the spring, 2000. 

Methods: The study was cross - sectional in nature. Taleghani and Imam Khomeini teaching and treatment centers comprised the sample population. Data was collected through special forms. Indexes of efficiency were calculated and presented by charts.

 Findinges: Active beds at Taleghani and Imam khomeini hospitals are 100% and 93%, respectively. Bed Occupancy Rate is 63% at Imam Khomeini Hospital and 55% at Taleghani hospital. Bed day cost to Rls. 253,963 at Taleghni Hospital and Rls. 297,946 at Imam khomeini Hospital. Other indexes of efficiency were also computed.

Conclusion(s): Hospitals may not be able to function effectively unless special attention is devoted to the indexes of efficiency.

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Introduction: Library dynamism is directly related to the use rate of its sources of information. The faculty members of universities constitute a considerable number of library users. Studying the rate of sources used by these members can be a positive step for promoting the quality of services and sources in libraries.. 

Methods: TIn this descriptive - survey study , 467 out of 650 full time faculty members of Iran University of Medical Sciences answered the questions of the research (72 percent).

Findings:According to the findings, the use rate of printed and electronic sources in the central library by the teaching staff was 18.8 percent and the most important reasons were: getting information form other places, distance from the library, and lack of information about the existence of sources related to their field of study. The highest rate of use was related to printed and electronic magazines and the lowest was related to library internet, audio-visual materials and web sites. Medline has had the highest amount of use among the other bibliographical databases. The most important purpose of using the library has been for preparing articles & and papers..

Conclusion:According to the results of this research and other researches done in previous years, it is concluded that the library acted poorly in providing information on available sources. Thus it is suggested to provide information through faculty and hospital libraries. Preparing Medline in the form of full text articles is another suggestion put forward in this research.

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Introduction: Entrepreneurship is a long term educational and training process which necessitates the planning in Iran's educational system especially in universities and higher education institutes. Thereby since 2001, the KARAD project (Entrepreneurship Development in Universities) was started by ministry of sciences, research and technology. However in universities affiliated to health ministry, there are no similar settings with defined organizational structure. 

Methods: This is a comparative and cross-sectional study carried out to developing organizational structure of entrepreneurship centers in universities affiliated to Ministry of Health (MOH).. The study population included 12 entrepreneurship centers affiliated to Ministry of Sciences, Research and Technology in Iran and 10 centers from selected universities in USA, Netherlands, and Malaysia. Interview and observation methods were used to collect data, and the study tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire.

Results: Present study identified the organizational structure, goals, duties, programs, resources, appraisal methods, strengths, and weaknesses of selected entrepreneurship centers. The above-mentioned organizational structures were tested and confirmed by Delphi Technique. At last, considering mentioned variables, health ministry structure, and related socioeconomic conditions, we designed an applied organizational structure to initialize an entrepreneurship center in medical sciences universities.

Conclusion: Our findings showed that it is necessary to establishment of entrepreneurship centers in medical sciences universities. The organizational structure of these centers should be scientific, dynamic, and flexible and conform to mission of center. The model designed in present research, can help to initiating the entrepreneurship centers in medical sciences universities in Iran and it is important for entrepreneurship development for health fields.

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Introduction: Information systems in health care providing systems with collections, analyzing, and dissemination of data provide areas for usage of the information in term of improving the society's health. This study has been designed to evaluate health information system from the administrators and providers of the health system points of views.

Methods: This is a descriptive, cross - sectional study carried out in1383 (2003). At first administrators and experts' points of views in teaching health centers, public hospitals, district health centers, chancellor headquarters, and medical faculty collected by questionnaires and then data have been analyzed by SPSS 12. Results: Health administrators and experts suggested that two main areas: decision making and planning are proper usages of information. Health administrator's 41% and expert's 43% answered correctly to the descriptive statistic questions, 53% of health administrators and 39% of experts have used the information in past two weeks. About 70.8% health administrators and 40.8% of experts have collected simultaneously their needed data. 

Conclusions: Given to the organizational information system place, and its critical roles in making right policies, creating a coordinative and integrated information system, and expert empowering to use data correcting, is considered a necessary priority.

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Introduction: Rapid changes, flexibility, variety of work force and lack of observe of ethic in organizations has caused the attention of many researchers as Borba with the moral intelligence theory and Kim with the team leadership theory. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between moral intelligence with team leadership in academic and non-academic administrators from a point of view faculty members in the MUI. Research hypothesis were: 1) There is a relation between moral intelligence indices (integrity, responsibility, compassion and forgiveness) and participative leadership between two groups, 2) There is a difference between faculty members opinion,3) And there is a difference between two groups. 

Methods: This is a correlative and causal -comparative research. Statistical population consists of faculty members and academic and non-academic administrators in MUI who were 551 and 210 respectively. Statistical sample were 144 and 109 people, selected randomly. Research instruments were MI and TL questionnaires. 

Results: We found: 1) a positive and significant relation between MI indices and TL between two groups, 2) a difference between grade averages of PL for faculty members in terms of age , 3) a difference between grade averages of MI for academic administrators in terms of tenure but there was no difference between grade averages non-academic administrators.

Conclusion: Our findings are consistent to, and similar with findings of Lennick and Kiel, Kim, Wood and Fields, Louperna, Pratti and et al. Development in ethical leaders is related to behaviors that they show. Since people in educational institutions requires different skills, team leadership acts better than a single leader and attention to ethics improve team work moral.

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Introduction: The Content analysis is used to identification, analysis, record printed and nonprinted resources. This research was aimed to content analysis of accomplished research designs in KUMS. We studied other purposes such as characteristics, subjects trend, and research trend based on MeSH.

Methods: This is a descriptive and content analysis research. The universe study is 369 research designs that accomplished in KUMS of 23 March 1991 to 19 March 2008. Data collected by information forms. Recording unit is concept keywords in title, abstract and keywords. Use alphanumeric expressions for coding. Determinate Alphanumeric expressions with consideration the position of entry term in tree structure. The data analyzed by SPSS software. 

Results: We found that, researches are in main category «Diseases» (23.3%), «Chemicals and Drugs» (21.4%), and «Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment» (16.8%). The Main category «Diseases» had the most of share between education (22.8%), jobs (23.3%), groups' education (23.3%), sex (23.3%) and work place (23.1%).

Conclusion: Generally, researches are focused on Diseases related subjects, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques. Therefore, recommend acquire viewpoints about these subjects.

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 Introduction: Benchmarking is used to identify the successful experiences and achievements of a business to develop and improve organizational performance. This study aimed to determine, firstly, the frequency of benchmarking made by administrators and officers at Health Deputy headquarters of Iranian universities of medical sciences and, secondly, the relationship of this frequency to individual and organizational factors.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in spring 2010. The research population constituted administrators and officers at Health Deputy Headquarters of Iranian universities of medical sciences from which thirteen universities were randomized and stratified. All available administrators and officers in the selected universities were interviewed and, then, were asked to complete a reliable and valid questionnaire consisting of individual and organizational variables.

Results: From the 293 administrators and officers under study, 75 (26.5%) could exploit 167 cases of successful experiences and achievements of other organizations to improve and develop their organizational performance. While 46.7% of benchmarking was conducted through site visits, 86.2 % of all the process was performed by the health sector, and 91% of the activity was done within the country. Among individual and organizational factors, only the educational degrees of the participants showed a significant relationship with benchmarking rates (ρ=0.045).

Discussion: To promote the low amount of benchmarking capita among the administrators and officers, it seems necessary to design and implement intervention programs. 

 

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Introduction: Organizational health, influenced by various factors, can affect the effectiveness, efficiency, and profitability of the organization. This study investigated the relationship between organizational healths (and its seven-fold dimensions) and the performance indicators at teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).

Methods: This descriptive, analytical and applied study was conducted in winter 2011. There were 300 employees randomly selected from among the research population who were the staff of teaching hospitals affiliated to TUMS. The instruments were the checklist of performance indicators and a standard questionnaire of organizational health the validity of which was obtained through opinion analysis of seven experts and its reliability was measured by Cronbach’s alpha (88%). Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software and descriptive statistics including absolute frequency, relative frequency, mean, standard deviation, and Spearman correlation test.

Results: No significant relationship was found between any of performance indicators and either of the dimensions of morality, scientific emphasis, consideration, and support of resources. Significant relationship was, however, observed between construction of organizational health and indicators of the total number of occupied bed days, total number of those admitted the performance of the rotating beds, and the crude mortality rate (P≤ 0.05). The respondents evaluated the organizational health as very high (3%), high (68%), and normal (28%).

Discussion: To enhance organizational health, managers should be inclined to accept criticisms and offers provided by the staff and the clients.

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Introduction: Quality improvement is the main purpose of health care organizations in general and of hospitals in particular. Physicians are the main users of information systems. It is, therefore, necessary to study the impact of using medical information systems on health care quality and the factors affecting the physicians’ use of these systems.

Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study in which simple randomized sampling was used to select 74 physicians in teaching hospitals. The reliability of a researcher-made questionnaire – validated by experts – was confirmed by test-retest. The data were analyzed by SPSS using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: Laboratory information system, online vital sign system, and drug interaction inspection system (with mean values of 4.61, 4.28, and 4.08, respectively) showed the highest effects on health care quality. Moreover, the factors of data security concern, constant system upgrade, and lack of trust in the quality of the services of information technology workforce (with mean values of 4.05, 4.04, and 3.97, respectively) were found to have the highest impact on the physicians’ use of medical information systems.

Discussion: Physicians stated that information systems had an effective role in the quality improvement of health care. Data security concerns, lack of computer skills, lack of training for the optimal use of information systems, and slow transmission speed were the most effective factors in preventing physicians from using information systems. Thus, optimization of information systems especially in the aforementioned areas seems necessary for health care quality improvement.

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Introduction: Nowadays, LibQual scale as a new tool ,measures expectations more efficiently than the traditional ones. The present study aims to compare the viewpoints of students and librarians at Tehran University of Medical Sciences to determine the quality of library services with LibQual model,

 Methods: The present study was an analytical survey. Method. LibQual questionnaire was used for data collection. In this study 231 users and 30 were selected through simple random sampling. of the questionnaire was measured by Cranach’s Alpha test was used to ensure the reliability of the data gathering tool .Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were used .

Results: The results showed that the users evaluate the current quality of services lower than what the librarians did. This difference of opinion is much more drastic when evaluating the information control subscale. Service superiority gap was estimated to be 2.8 for the overall library services and the said libraries fall fairly short of providing users with the desired level of services. From the users’ point of view, the three subscales of LibQual do not have an equal effect on the quality of the provided services whereas the librarians disagree with an equal effectiveness of the subscales. The librarians have a correct understanding of the users’ expectations and the gap between the users’ expectations and the librarians’ perceptions of their needs and demands was very small (0.18). This study showed that LibQual as a model of evaluating the quality of services could help in providing information that facilitates the improvement of planned services at Tehran University of Medical Sciences libraries. 

Discussion: By providing the necessary facilities and services to users, librarians can offer services to users with known expectations and needs. Therefore, if there are shortcomings in the quality of services, it is not because librarians are unaware of the users’ needs, but rather lack of necessary facilities might be the reason.

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  Introduction: Nowadays, we witness the development of computerized healthcare information systems, evidence-based medicine ,and e-learning approach at Medical Universities. Thus, medical students need to have familiarity with computer skills and information technology. The aim of this study was to survey computer literacy in students of general medicine at Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences.

  Methods: This study was observational ,cross-sectional in nature. The study was conducted in the academic year of 2009-2010 .The sample population consisted of 243 medical, pharmacy and dentistry students. A questionnaire was used for collecting data which were then analysed by SPSS using descriptive statistics..

  Results: The results showed that, students' familiarity with computers were low (35%). The most familiarity with computers were the ability to use it in managing files (48%), and the lowest was related to the ability to manage the Windows operating system (19%). Familiarity to use Power Point rated the highest among the other skills (75%), to use Access was the lowest (9%).The students familiarity with the Internet and theWeb were (39%). Students used less advanced methods for searching the information on the Internet. Overall,

  male students had more computer literacy than female student.

  Discussion: The students’ familiarity with computer literacy was not satisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to plan educational programs for computer literacy skills at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.

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  Introduction: In spite of equal contribution of female and male faculty members to knowledge and expertise production, there is no equal access to managerial posts. The purpose of this study was to determine the present attitudes of female faculty towards the barriers to their promotion to managerial posts in ShahidSadoughi University of Medical Sciences (SSUMS ).

  Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on female faculty in (SSUMS) in 2011. A standard questionnaire consisting of demographic questions and 37 questions about the barriers to the promotion of female faculty to managerial posts was used.

  Results: Overall 28% of women in this study had managerial positions at different levels. Among them, 44.4% were head of the departments. There was a significant correlation between managerial posts and job experience (p<0.05). Incorrect organizational structure, organizational culture and social factors were the main barriers to the promotion of women to managerial posts, however individual factors appeared to play no role in this regard.

  Conclusions: A few female faculties of (SSUMS) were engaged in managerial positions which might be due to incorrect organizational structure and social factors. The findings presented in this paper suggest that modification of promotion instructions based on competence and changes in organizational structure and culture may increase the engagement of female faculty in managerial posts.

  Key Words : Academic Women, Promotion, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Managerial Posts

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   Introduction: The family Practitioner and referral system is one of the main programs of the 4th social and economical development plans in health sector. Client satisfaction is a basic index in payment mechanism and performance monitoring process in family practitioner program . This study aimed to determine factors effective in the satisfaction of insured rural population of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences.

  Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in rural population of Sabzevar in 2011. Data were collected by a valid and reliable questionnaire and were analyzed using independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation coefficient and simple linear regression.

  Results: In the 8 aspects surveyed (care and reverence, safety and welfare, trust and belief in performance, waiting time, usefulness of actions, payment costs, paramedical unit performance and on time accessibility), the highest and the lowest levels of satisfaction were observed in payment costs, trust and belief in family practitioner performance, respectively. The correlation between sex, age, job, and marital status, and satisfaction rate was not significant. However, the relationship between residence, education, type of center and satisfaction of family practitioner was significant. Based on linear regression model, there was a significant correlation between patient satisfaction with family practitioner, residence, education, and the type of the center rendering services.

  Discussion: The results show that higher level of education, place of residence, and delivery from urban health centers may lead to more client satisfaction.

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Introduction: Today, the universities leadership to adapt or adjust with complex and unknown phenomena are need until in its shadow, organizations to conduct by appropriate. The purpose of this research was to study the extent of application of cybernetic model indices at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: A Research method was descriptive-survey that population consisted of all faculty members of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in the 2009-2010 academic year. To do sampling‚ 207 faculty members were selected randomly and using stratified random sampling. To collect data (about seven hypotheses with regard to model Cybernetics indices (control, tight & loose coupling, interaction, decision making, hierarchy, leadership, equilibrium) by a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire of cybernetic model. Data were analyzed using two levels descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (one variable t-test). Results: Since the mean each the seven components is higher of the intermediate (3), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in organizing its activities in usage extent from model of Cybernetics is the appropriate place. The results also suggest that the university, have a tendency to this model and the highest of tendency in relationship with hierarchy indice with mean 3/66. Discussion: Since the university managers has not embarked on according to certain model of Cybernetics to organize university activities‚ like that concluded that in case of developing a model for management in the conceptual framework of Cybernetics from university managers can expect that they have more ready for use development of Cybernetics model in your organization space.

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  Introduction: Every organization, including a hospital, bears its own climate which needs to be compatible with the needs of the personnel otherwise, the efficiency of the organization will be diminished. This study was aimed at investigating the organizational climate of the hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS).

  Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study including all general teaching hospitals of TUMS. The sample of the study consisted of 354 employees of clinical wards, supportive, and paraclinical departments. The instrument of the study was Sussman and Deep’s organizational climate questionnaire employed to assess their attitudes towards the organizational climate of the hospitals. Data entry was carried out by Excel software and data analysis was performed by SPSS software using T-test, Anova, and Duncan statistical methods.

  Results: Less than half of the personnel believed that the organizational climate was favorable. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between organizational climate the three variables of age (p = 0.01), employment status (p = 0.012), and the job type (p = 0.007).

  Conclusion : Most of the employees, having showed positive attitude only towards role clarity and organizational communication effectiveness, had negative attitude towards the organizational climate of the hospitals. The administrators of these hospitals, therefore, should take measures to change the climates through establishing efficient reward system, transparent organizational procedures, etc.

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  Introduction: Webometrics ranking shows the amount of scientific and educational activities of universities and organizations annually. This study was an attempt to rank medical universities in Iran via three search engines.

  Methods: This applied- descriptive study used webometric methods to survey 43 websites of medical universities in Iran. The three indexes of size, visibility and rich files were taken into consideration by three search engines. Data were analyzed with SPSS 16.

  Results: The results showed that the indexed page size of Tehran University of Medical Sciences enjoyed the highest frequency in the three search engines. Moreover, the lowest ranks belonged to Dezfoul, Jiroft and Yasouj. Concerning foreign links, Tehran University of Medical Sciences gained the rank of 13 and Hormozgan with an average of 23.11 was in the upper ranks, but it was reported to have the rank of 26 regarding indexed page size.

  Conclusion: The findings showed that even the eight high-ranked medical universities did not appear to receive favourable number of links and visitors from other websites. This suggests the low effect of medical universities on the Web in spite of their relatively high page size.

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  Collaboration Coefficient of Researchers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in International Publications

  

   Introduction: Collaboration between researchers at domestic and international level is an extensive form of scientific collaboration emphasizing the importance and benefits of collaborative research. This study was aimed at investigating the rate of collaboration between researchers in Tehran University of Medical Sciences with their counterparts in other countries and institutions in the Web of Science publications.

  Methods: This was a survey using scientometrics indicators. The instrument of the study was the Web of Science in which the scientific products of Tehran University of Medical Sciences including 5781 records were investigated between 2006 and 2010.To determine the collaboration between researchers, collaboration coefficient formula was used.

  Results: The authors’ collaboration coefficient mean was 0.64 showing their high interest in collaborative research. Investigation into scientific products showed that the rate of scientific collaboration was lower at the international level (22%) than the domestic level. The results showed that the researchers in Tehran University of Medical Sciences had scientific collaboration with 69 countries. The lowest annual growth rate (3.7) was related to international collaboration. Main partners of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were the USA, UK, and Canada, respectively. Based on the number of co-authors, the highest collaboration rate belonged to the documents with five to eight authors. This rate increased from 33% in 2006 to 45% in 2010.

  Conclusion: The findings indicated that co-authorship and collaboration in the period studied is on the rise for Tehran University of Medical Sciences suggesting researchers’ interest in scientific collaboration.

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  Introduction: According to the importance of selecting the best people for governmental organizations and their influence on effectiveness and performance, this study was conducted to investigate the impact of similar to me effect among top and middle managers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

  Methods: It was a cross- sectional study on 130 top and middle managers affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences. A valid and reliable questionnaire was applied for data collection. Pearson correlation was used analyzing data.

  Results: Main findings were implied statistical significance among similar to me effect and groupthink (p=0.005), and also similar to me effect and functional conflict ( p=0.001 ) and narcissism as well ( P<0.0001 ).

  Conclusion: According to significance of variables in the studied model among managers affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences, it is recommended to inform managers about Inappropriate impacts of similar to me effects through educational courses and cultural changes.

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Introduction: The medical image as a source of non-textual information has an important role in the field of medicine. Since the quality of life is directly related to health, employing this type of information is effective in improving the practice of health professionals. This study was aimed to survey medical image retrieval in the Web from the perspective of experts in medical sciences.
Methods: This qualitative research study was conducted by means of a semi-structured interview with 25 medical experts. The data were analyzed on the basis of the grounded theory approach.
Results: According to experts’ opinion the following reasons were responsible for the retrieval of medical images on the Web: educational, research, and medical applications of images, instrumental and training role of images, benefits, importance and special characteristics of medical images, and motives such as personal, educational and research interests. Participants of this study used non-technical search engines and technical resources such as medical databases to retrieve these images on the Web. Their methods of recovery consist of browsing, accidental retrieval, purposeless and purposeful search, and diverse search. Experts have mentioned individual, organizational, systemic and technical issues as the most important problems in the area of medical image retrieval.
Conclusion: The results showed that image retrieval is important for the experts. Despite numerous difficulties in retrieving images, the image is still the best type of information in the medical profession. To improve physicians’ access to and retrieval of medical images, it is recommended to hold training courses for search strategies and retrieval of images.

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Introduction: Information Flow is one of the most critical aspects of information management in organizations. This study aimed to review three aspects of information flow: ‘acquisition’, ‘production and storage’, and ‘dissemination’ of information in the research centers affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences as well as their relationships with parent, parallel, and competing organizations.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional survey, data were collected by means of valid and reliable questionnaires. Kruskal Wallis Test was used for data analysis through SPSS.
Results: Findings showed that there was a significant difference among centers in terms of emphasis on different kinds of ‘information acquisition sources’ (χ²= 365.40, df= 10, p=0.000), ‘methods of information acquisition’ (χ²= 32.40, df= 10, p=0.000), ‘types and formats of storage of information’ (χ²= 27.22, df= 10, p=0.001) and ‘carriers of production and storage of information’ (χ²= 28.18, df= 10, p=0.001). But In regard to emphasis on ‘audiences’, ‘methods and formats’, and ‘carriers’ of dissemination of information, there were no significant differences among research centers (χ²= 6.20, df= 10, p=0.695), (χ²= 6.40, df= 10, p=0.795) and (χ²= 16.95, df= 10, p=0.070, respectively).
Conclusion: The current associations going on in the research centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences are mainly pertinent to two types of organizations: the parent organization (the University) and the aligned organizations. Altogether, relationships between the aligned and the competing organizations have not been defined yet. It can generally be said that the information flow is incomplete in the research centers under study.