Volume 28, Issue 1 (5-2025)
jha 2025, 28(1): 23-39 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
SoleimanvandiAzar N, Aalaa M, Asadzandi S, Habibi H, Sanjari M, Malgard S. Effective protection methods against COVID-19: an umbrella review. jha 2025; 28 (1) :23-39
URL: http://jha.iums.ac.ir/article-1-4590-en.html
URL: http://jha.iums.ac.ir/article-1-4590-en.html
Neda SoleimanvandiAzar1 
, Maryam Aalaa2 , Shadi Asadzandi3 , Hengameh Habibi4 , Mahnaz Sanjari5 , Shiva Malgard6
, Maryam Aalaa2 , Shadi Asadzandi3 , Hengameh Habibi4 , Mahnaz Sanjari5 , Shiva Malgard6
1- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,Asadzandi.sh@iums.ac.ir
4- Emergency Department, Faculty of Nursing, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
5- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. & Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
6- School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Health Management Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,
4- Emergency Department, Faculty of Nursing, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
5- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. & Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
6- School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract: (84 Views)
Introduction: Glass ceiling beliefs, namely denial, resilience, acceptance, and resignation, can influence women’s career success, career path choices, and persistence behaviors in organizations. This study aimed to determine the relationship between these beliefs and career success among women graduated in healthcare management at university medical centers in Tehran.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study involved 149 women with degrees in healthcare management in 2023. Participants were selected based on predefined criteria using a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using questionnaires on demographic characteristics, Smith's glass ceiling beliefs, and career success developed by Gattiker and Larwood. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 27, applying descriptive and inferential statistics at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The mean score for glass ceiling beliefs among participants was 4.78±0.54. The scores for dimensions were as follows: resilience (5.81±0.70), resignation (4.67±1.18), acceptance (4.41±1), and denial (3.92±0.86). The mean score for career success was 3.15±0.65. The scores for subscales were as follow: interpersonal success (3.98±0.61), occupational success (3.26±0.73), hierarchical success (2.57±1), and financial success (2.49±0.97). Beliefs of denial (p<0.001) and resilience (p<0.001) showed a positive statistical correlation with career success, while no statistical correlation between was found between acceptance (p=0.899) and resignation (p=0.358) beliefs and career success.
Conclusion: Healthcare managers can enhance the likelihood of career success among female employees by fostering optimistic glass ceiling thoughts (denial and resilience). This can foster positive attitudes toward promotion and minimize pessimistic thoughts (resignation and acceptance) to overcome glass ceiling barriers and achieve career success.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study involved 149 women with degrees in healthcare management in 2023. Participants were selected based on predefined criteria using a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using questionnaires on demographic characteristics, Smith's glass ceiling beliefs, and career success developed by Gattiker and Larwood. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 27, applying descriptive and inferential statistics at a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The mean score for glass ceiling beliefs among participants was 4.78±0.54. The scores for dimensions were as follows: resilience (5.81±0.70), resignation (4.67±1.18), acceptance (4.41±1), and denial (3.92±0.86). The mean score for career success was 3.15±0.65. The scores for subscales were as follow: interpersonal success (3.98±0.61), occupational success (3.26±0.73), hierarchical success (2.57±1), and financial success (2.49±0.97). Beliefs of denial (p<0.001) and resilience (p<0.001) showed a positive statistical correlation with career success, while no statistical correlation between was found between acceptance (p=0.899) and resignation (p=0.358) beliefs and career success.
Conclusion: Healthcare managers can enhance the likelihood of career success among female employees by fostering optimistic glass ceiling thoughts (denial and resilience). This can foster positive attitudes toward promotion and minimize pessimistic thoughts (resignation and acceptance) to overcome glass ceiling barriers and achieve career success.
Type of Study: Review |
Subject:
Health Services Management
Received: 2025/02/2 | Accepted: 2025/07/27 | Published: 2025/08/31
Received: 2025/02/2 | Accepted: 2025/07/27 | Published: 2025/08/31
Supplement [PDF 492 KB] (2 Download)
References
1. Coclite D, Napoletano A, Gianola S, Del Monaco A, D'Angelo D, Fauci A, et al. Face mask use in the community for reducing the spread of COVID-19: A systematic review. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021;7:594269. [DOI:10.3389/fmed.2020.594269]
2. World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control during health care when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance, 25 January 2020: World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2021 June 6]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10665-331495
3. Akbulaev N, Mammadov I, Aliyev V. Economic impact of COVID-19. Sylwan [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 June 21]; 164(5):[15-24 pp.]. Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3649813
4. Richards F, Kodjamanova P, Chen X, Li N, Atanasov P, Bennetts L, et al. Economic burden of COVID-19: a systematic review. ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research. 2022;28(14):293-307.
https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S338225 [DOI:10.2147/ceor.s338225]
5. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(12):1177-9.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001737 [DOI:10.1056/nejmc2001737]
6. MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2020;108:103629. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103629]
7. Ong SWX, Tan YK, Chia PY, Lee TH, Ng OT, Wong MSY, et al. Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1610-2. [DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.3227]
8. Zhan M, Qin Y, Xue X, Zhu S. Death from Covid-19 of 23 health care workers in China. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(23):2267-8.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2005696 [DOI:10.1056/nejmc2005696]
9. Mostafaei A, Sadeghi Ghyassi F, Mostafaei H, Abolhasanpour N, Naseri A, Sheikhaliopour Z, et al. Can wearing a face mask protect from COVID-19? a systematic review. Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2020;14(2):101-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/ijmm.14.2.101 [DOI:10.30699/ijmm.14.2.101]
10. Najmi A, Nazari S, Safarighouzhdi F, MacIntyre CR, Miller EJ, H. Rashidi T. Facemask and social distancing, pillars of opening up economies. PloS One. 2021;16(4):e0249677. http://10.1371/journal.pone.0249677 [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0249677]
11. Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ, et al. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2020;395(10242):1973-87.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9 [DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31142-9]
12. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7 [DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30211-7]
13. Chughtai AA, Seale H, Islam MS, Owais M, Macintyre CR. Policies on the use of respiratory protection for hospital health workers to protect from coronavirus disease (COVID-19). International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2020;105:103567. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103567]
14. Centers for Disease Control Prevention. Interim healthcare infection prevention and control recommendations for patients under investigation for 2019 novel coronavirus China: Centers for Disease Control Prevention; 2020 [cited 2021 June 24]. Available from: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/85303/
15. Brainard J, Jones NR, Lake IR, Hooper L, Hunter PR. Community use of face masks and similar barriers to prevent respiratory illness such as COVID-19: a rapid scoping review. Eurosurveillance. 2020;25(49):2000725.
https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.49.2000725 [DOI:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.49.2000725]
16. Wang M, Barasheed O, Rashid H, Booy R, El Bashir H, Haworth E, et al. A cluster-randomised controlled trial to test the efficacy of facemasks in preventing respiratory viral infection among Hajj pilgrims. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 2015;5(2):181-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.jegh.2014.08.002]
17. Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, Bawazeer GA, et al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020;2011(7):CD006207. [DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4]
18. Bin-Reza F, Lopez Chavarrias V, Nicoll A, Chamberland ME. The use of masks and respirators to prevent transmission of influenza: a systematic review of the scientific evidence. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 2012;6(4):257-67. [DOI:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00307.x]
19. Barasheed O, Alfelali M, Mushta S, Bokhary H, Alshehri J, Attar AA, et al. Uptake and effectiveness of facemask against respiratory infections at mass gatherings: a systematic review. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2016;47:105-11. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.023]
20. Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, Zhou Q, Uy JP, Heiner K, et al. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020;36:101751. [DOI:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101751]
21. Lee C I, Xiao FR, Hsu YW. AR book-finding behavior of users in library venue. Applied Sciences. 2020;10(20):7349. [DOI:10.3390/app10207349]
22. Cowling BJ, Zhou Y, Ip D, Leung G, Aiello AE. Face masks to prevent transmission of influenza virus: a systematic review. Epidemiology & Infection. 2010;138(4):449-56.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268809991658 [DOI:10.1017/s0950268809991658]
23. MacIntyre CR, Chughtai AA. Facemasks for the prevention of infection in healthcare and community settings. BMJ. 2015;350. [DOI:10.1136/bmj.h694]
24. Benkouiten S, Brouqui P, Gautret P. Non-pharmaceutical interventions for the prevention of respiratory tract infections during Hajj pilgrimage. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2014;12(5):429-42. [DOI:10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.06.005]
25. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLOS Medicine. 2009;6(7):e1000097. http://10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 [DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097]
26. Grant MJ, Booth A. A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information & Libraries Journal. 2009;26(2):91-108. [DOI:10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x]
27. Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: A critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ Open. 2017;358:j4008. [DOI:10.1136/bmj.j4008]
28. Abboah-Offei M, Salifu Y, Adewale B, Bayuo J, Ofosu-Poku R, Opare-Lokko EBA. A rapid review of the use of face mask in preventing the spread of COVID-19. International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances. 2021;3:100013. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2020.100013]
29. Chetty T, Ramokolo V, Rees K, Kredo T, Balakrishna Y, Mathews C, et al. Rapid review of the effects of cloth and medical masks for preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in community and household settings. South African Medical Journal. 2021;111(3):227-33.
https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2021.v111i3.15119 [DOI:10.7196/samj.2021.v111i3.15119]
30. Dehaghi BF, Ghodrati-Torbati A, Teimori G, Ghavamabadi LI, Jamshidnezhad A. Face masks vs. COVID-19: a systematic review. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería. 2020;38(2). [DOI:10.17533/udea.iee.v38n2e13]
31. Jain M, Kim ST, Xu C, Li H, Rose G. Efficacy and use of cloth masks: a scoping review. Cureus. 2020;12(9). [DOI:10.7759/cureus.10423]
32. Camargo MCd, Martinez-Silveira MS, Lima AA, Bastos BP, Santos DLd, Mota SEdC, et al. Effectiveness of the use of non-woven face mask to prevent coronavirus infections in the general population: a rapid systematic review. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva. 2020;25:3365-76. [DOI:10.1590/1413-81232020259.13622020]
33. Jones P, Roberts S, Hotu C, Kamona S. What proportion of healthcare worker masks carry virus? a systematic review. Emergency Medicine Australasia. 2020;32(5):823-9. [DOI:10.1111/1742-6723.13581]
34. de Araujo CM, Guariza-Filho O, Gonçalves FM, Basso IB, Schroder AGD, Cavalcante-Leão BL, et al. Front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic: what is the effectiveness of using personal protective equipment in health service environments?-a systematic review. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2021;95(1):7-24. http://10.1007/s00420-021-01775-y [DOI:10.1007/s00420-021-01775-y]
35. Ollila HM, Partinen M, Koskela J, Savolainen R, Rotkirch A, Laine LT. Face masks to prevent transmission of respiratory diseases: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2022;17(12):e0271517. http://10.1371/journal.pone.0271517 [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0271517]
36. Wu GH, Jiang P, Yuan H, Shi Y, Zhu XP. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of medical masks and N95 respirators for protection against respiratory infectious diseases, including COVID-19 in medical staff. Science Journal of Public Health. 2020;10(3):45. [DOI:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102414]
37. Toomey EC, Conway Y, Burton C, Smith S, Smalle M, Chan X-HS, et al. Extended use or reuse of single-use surgical masks and filtering face-piece respirators during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: A rapid systematic review. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2021;42(1):75-83. [DOI:10.1017/ice.2020.1243]
38. Yin X, Wang X, Xu S, He C. Comparative efficacy of respiratory personal protective equipment against viral respiratory infectious diseases in healthcare workers: a network meta-analysis. Public Health. 2021;190:82-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.11.004]
39. Zorko DJ, Gertsman S, O'Hearn K, Timmerman N, Ambu-Ali N, Dinh T, et al. Decontamination interventions for the reuse of surgical mask personal protective equipment: a systematic review. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2020;106(2):283-94. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.07.007]
40. Perski O, Szinay D, Corker E, Shahab L, West R, Michie S. Interventions to increase personal protective behaviours to limit the spread of respiratory viruses: a rapid evidence review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Health Psychology. 2022;27(1):215-64. [DOI:10.1111/bjhp.12542]
41. Tabatabaeizadeh SA. Airborne transmission of COVID-19 and the role of face mask to prevent it: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Medical Research. 2021;26(1):1-6. [DOI:10.1186/s40001-020-00475-6]
42. Kampf G, Brüggemann Y, Kaba H, Steinmann J, Pfaender S, Scheithauer S, et al. Potential sources, modes of transmission and effectiveness of prevention measures against SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2020;106(4):678-97. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.09.022]
43. Long Y, Hu T, Liu L, Chen R, Guo Q, Yang L, et al. Effectiveness of N95 respirators versus surgical masks against influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine. 2020;13(2):93-101. [DOI:10.1111/jebm.12381]
44. Brainard J, Jones N, Lake I, Hooper L, Hunter PR. Facemasks and similar barriers to prevent respiratory illness such as COVID-19: a rapid systematic review. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(49):2000725. https://10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.49.2000725 [DOI:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.49.2000725]
45. Rohde D, Ahern S, Clyne B, Comber L, Spillane S, Walsh KA, et al. Effectiveness of face masks worn in community settings at reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a rapid review. Health Research Board Open Research. 2020;3:76. [DOI:10.12688/hrbopenres.13161.1]
46. Kim MS, Seong D, Li H, Chung SK, Park Y, Lee M, et al. Comparative efficacy of N95, surgical, medical, and non-medical facemasks in protection of respiratory virus infection: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis. Reviews in Medical Virology. 2021;32(5):e2336. http://10.2139/ssrn.3768550 [DOI:10.1002/rmv.2336]
47. Wang MX, Gwee SXW, Chua PEY, Pang J. Effectiveness of surgical face masks in reducing acute respiratory infections in non-healthcare settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Medicine. 2020;25(7):564280. [DOI:10.3389/fmed.2020.564280]
48. Agrawal V, Yadav SK, Agarwal P, Sharma D. Strategies for optimizing the use of PPE during surgery in COVID-19 pandemic: rapid scoping review of guidelines. Indian Journal of Surgery. 2021;83(1):17-27. [DOI:10.1007/s12262-020-02713-x]
49. Harouni MD, Fallahi-Khoshknab M. Comparing of surgical masks and N95 masks in prevention of influenza: a systematic review. Journal of Health Promotion Management (JHPM). 2020; 9(2):81-90. [In Persian]. Available from: http://jhpm.ir/article-1-745-en.html
50. Marasinghe KM. Face mask use among individuals who are not medically diagnosed with COVID-19: a lack of evidence for and against and implications around public health recommendations. International Journal of One Health. 2020;6(2):107-9. [DOI:10.14202/IJOH.2020.109-117]
51. Bakhit M, Krzyzaniak N, Scott AM, Clark J, Glasziou P, Del Mar C. Downsides of face masks and possible mitigation strategies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2021;11(2):e044364. [DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044364]
52. Chou R, Dana T, Jungbauer R, Weeks C, McDonagh MS. Masks for prevention of respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2, in health care and community settings: a living rapid review. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2020;173(7):542-55.
https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-3213 [DOI:10.7326/m20-3213]
53. Nanda A, Hung I, Kwong A, Man VCM, Roy P, Davies L, et al. Efficacy of surgical masks or cloth masks in the prevention of viral transmission: systematic review, meta-analysis, and proposal for future trial. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine. 2021;14(2):97-111. http://10.1111/jebm.12424 [DOI:10.1111/jebm.12424]
54. Daoud AK, Hall JK, Petrick H, Strong A, Piggott C. The potential for cloth masks to protect health care clinicians from SARS-CoV-2: a rapid review. The Annals of Family Medicine. 2021;19(1):55-62. [DOI:10.1370/afm.2640]
55. Mondal A, Das A, Goswami RP. Utility of cloth masks in preventing respiratory infections: a systematic review. medRxiv; 2021 [cited 2021 April 20]. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.20093864v1 [DOI:10.1101/2020.05.07.20093864]
56. Taminato M, Mizusaki-Imoto A, Saconato H, Franco ESB, Puga ME, Duarte ML, et al. Homemade cloth face masks as a barrier against respiratory droplets-systematic review. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem. 2020;33:eAPE20200103. http://10.37689/acta-ape/2020AR0103 [DOI:10.37689/acta-ape/2020AR0103]
57. Sharma SK, Mishra M, Mudgal SK. Efficacy of cloth face mask in prevention of novel coronavirus infection transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2020;28(9):192. [DOI:10.4103/jehp.jehp_533_20]
58. De Angelis G, Lohmeyer FM, Grossi A, Posteraro B, Sanguinetti M. Hand hygiene and facemask use to prevent droplet-transmitted viral diseases during air travel: a systematic literature review. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1-9. [DOI:10.1186/s12889-021-10814-9]
59. Yuen E, Fried J, Salvador C, Gudis DA, Schlosser RJ, Nguyen SA, et al. Nonpharmacological interventions to reduce respiratory viral transmission: an evidence-based review with recommendations. Rhinology. 2021;59(2):114-32.
https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhin20.563 [DOI:10.4193/rhin20.563]
60. Samaranayake LP, Fakhruddin KS, Ngo HC, Chang JWW, Panduwawala C. The effectiveness and efficacy of respiratory protective equipment (RPE) in dentistry and other health care settings: a systematic review. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 2020;78(8):626-39. [DOI:10.1080/00016357.2020.1810769]
61. Tang SW, Romano MR, Wong DH, Montericcio A, Yip NK, Montalbano C, et al. The use of personal protective equipment in clinical ophthalmology during corona virus disease-2019: a review of international guidelines and literature. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 2020;31(5):435-46.
https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0000000000000691 [DOI:10.1097/icu.0000000000000691]
62. Godoy LRG, Jones AE, Anderson TN, Fisher CL, Seeley KM, Beeson EA, et al. Facial protection for healthcare workers during pandemics: a scoping review. BMJ Global Health. 2020;5(5):e002553. [DOI:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002553]
63. Xiao J, Shiu EY, Gao H, Wong JY, Fong MW, Ryu S, et al. Nonpharmaceutical measures for pandemic influenza in nonhealthcare settings-personal protective and environmental measures. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020;26(5):967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2605.190994 [DOI:10.3201/eid2605.190994]
64. Mondal A, Das A, Goswami RP. Utility of cloth masks in preventing respiratory infections: a systematic review. medRxiv. 2020. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.07.20093864v1 [DOI:10.1101/2020.05.07.20093864]
65. Kumar S. Corona virus outbreak: keep physical distancing, not social distancing: SSRN; 2020 [cited 2021 March 15]. Available from: https://milunesco.unaoc.org/mil-resources/corona-virus-outbreak-keep-physical-distancing-not-social-distancing/ [DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3568435]
66. Kim JH, Kim MY. Systematic literature review on Coronavirus infectious disease-19 and dental masks. Journal of Dental Hygiene Science. 2021;21(1):1-7. [DOI:10.17135/jdhs.2021.21.1.1]
67. Griswold DP, Gempeler A, Kolias AG, Hutchinson PJ, Rubiano AM. Personal protective equipment for reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers involved in emergency trauma surgery during the pandemic: an umbrella review protocol. BMJ Open. 2021;11(3):e045598.
https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000003073 [DOI:10.1097/ta.0000000000003073]
68. Khosravizadeh O, Ahadinezhad B, Maleki A, Najafpour Z, Golmohammadi R. Social distance capacity to control the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review on time series analysis. International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine. 2022;33(1):5-22. [DOI:10.3233/JRS-210037]
69. Shaterian N, Abdi F, Kashani ZA, Shaterian N, Darvishmotevalli M. Facemask and respirator in reducing the spread of respiratory viruses; a systematic review. Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine. 2021;9(1):e56. [DOI:10.22037/aaem.v9i1.1286]
70. Wang X, Pasco RF, Du Z, Petty M, Fox SJ, Galvani AP, et al. Impact of social distancing measures on coronavirus disease healthcare demand, central Texas, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020;26(10):2361. [DOI:10.3201/eid2610.201702]
71. Pedersen MJ, Favero N. Social distancing during the COVID‐19 pandemic: who are the present and future noncompliers? Public Administration Review. 2020;80(5):805-14. http://10.1111/puar.13240 [DOI:10.1111/puar.13240]
72. Adolph C, Amano K, Bang-Jensen B, Fullman N, Wilkerson J. Pandemic politics: Timing state-level social distancing responses to COVID-19. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 2021;46(2):211-33. [DOI:10.1215/03616878-8802162]
73. Abel T, McQueen D. The COVID-19 pandemic calls for spatial distancing and social closeness: not for social distancing. International Journal of Public Health. 2020;65(3):231. [DOI:10.1007/s00038-020-01366-7]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Site Keywords
Health, Administration, Scientific Article, Iran University of Medical Sciences,
